Fixed the issue. Turns out this error and all subsequent errors are due to missing libraries that prevent elements of the program from compiling. In this case, QSslSocket relies on the OpenSSL library, which can be installed with:
sudo apt-get install libssl-dev
If relaunching the make process immediately after doesn't get rid of the error, you have to reconfigure the installation.
make confclean
./configure
I've encountered several errors like this afterwards that I've also gotten rid of by installing dev libraries. I will post the list of all dev libraries necessary when I complete the installation.
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