Weird thing while trying to avoid pointers in C++

[ct]

I had this weird thing while I was trying to avoid pointers and just create objects on the stack.

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <cstring>
#include <vector>
#include <cstdio>
using namespace std;
 
class Node {
    public:
        string move;
        int state[10];
        Node(const Node &p) {
            move = "";
            memcpy(state,p.state,sizeof(int)*10);
        }
        Node(){
            move = "";
            for(int i = 0;i<10;i++){
                state[i] = i;
            }
        }
        void AddNode(Node p){
            this->childNode.push_back(p);
        }
        Node GetChild(int i) {
           return childNode[i];
        }
        int GetCount() {
            return this->childNode.size();
        }
    protected:
        vector<Node> childNode;
};
 
class Move {
public:
    Move() {
 
    }
    void run() {
        Node n;
        n.move = "A100";
        operate(n);
    }
 
    void operate(Node &n) {
 
        Node c(n);
        c.move = "B100";
        n.AddNode(c);
        cout << "Output : " << endl;
        Node t = n.GetChild(n.GetCount() - 1); 
        //Node t = n.childNode[0];   
        for(int i = 0;i<10;i++)
               cout << t.state[i];
 
 
        cout << endl << t.move; // doesn't display B100 ????
 
    }
 
};
 
int main(int argc,char** argv) {
 
    Move m;
    m.run();
    return 0;
}

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <cstring>
#include <vector>
#include <cstdio>
using namespace std;

class Node {
    public:
        string move;
        int state[10];
        Node(const Node &p) {
            move = "";
            memcpy(state,p.state,sizeof(int)*10);
        }
        Node(){
            move = "";
            for(int i = 0;i<10;i++){
                state[i] = i;
            }
        }
        void AddNode(Node p){
            this->childNode.push_back(p);
        }
        Node GetChild(int i) {
           return childNode[i];
        }
        int GetCount() {
            return this->childNode.size();
        }
    protected:
        vector<Node> childNode;
};

class Move {
public:
    Move() {

    }
    void run() {
        Node n;
        n.move = "A100";
        operate(n);
    }

    void operate(Node &n) {

        Node c(n);
        c.move = "B100";
        n.AddNode(c);
        cout << "Output : " << endl;
        Node t = n.GetChild(n.GetCount() - 1); 
        //Node t = n.childNode[0];   
        for(int i = 0;i<10;i++)
               cout << t.state[i];


        cout << endl << t.move; // doesn't display B100 ????

    }

};

int main(int argc,char** argv) {

    Move m;
    m.run();
    return 0;
}

To copy to clipboard, switch view to plain text mode 

Here is a sample of something that I'm trying to do. My question is why isn't B100 move displayed ? Do I need an assignment operator in the Node class ? I believed push_back takes references and that the node with move value B100 should be stored in the vector. Correct state array is stored but the move string is not, any suggestions ?

[high_flyer]

... where to begin...

believed push_back takes references and that the node with move value B100 should be stored in the vector.

Programming is not a religion.
You don't believe stuff, you read the docs!
Since your definition of your vector was not with reference, it takes copies, not references.
I am not sure even why this code compiles, since you are trying to assign c to t but you didn't define an '=' operator for your Node class.

Node t = n.GetChild(n.GetCount() - 1); //I don't know why this compiles, it should not

Node t = n.GetChild(n.GetCount() - 1); //I don't know why this compiles, it should not

To copy to clipboard, switch view to plain text mode 

maybe a default assignment operator is called, but it knows nothing about your Node members, so it can't possibly copy inner members of your Node members such as 'move'.

[ct]

Well it does take reference.

void push_back ( const T& x );

void push_back ( const T& x );

To copy to clipboard, switch view to plain text mode 

However, even if it takes copy, shouldn't there be a value of move in the vector ?

I added the assignment operator

Node& operator=(const Node &r) {
 
            if(&r != this) {
                memcpy(this->state,r.state,sizeof(int)*10);
                this->move = r.move;
 
            }
 
            return *this;
        }

Node& operator=(const Node &r) {

            if(&r != this) {
                memcpy(this->state,r.state,sizeof(int)*10);
                this->move = r.move;

            }

            return *this;
        }

To copy to clipboard, switch view to plain text mode 

But still There is no output.

[stampede]

Take a look at your copy constructor:

Node(const Node &p) {
move = ""; //!< change this to p.move
memcpy(state,p.state,sizeof(int)*10);
}

Node(const Node &p) {
move = ""; //!< change this to p.move
memcpy(state,p.state,sizeof(int)*10);
}

To copy to clipboard, switch view to plain text mode 

When you take out an object from vector, it's copy is made and previously assigned string is cleared in your copy-constructor.

------------------
ok, maybe i was not clear enough, i mean this line:

Node t = n.GetChild(n.GetCount() - 1);

Node t = n.GetChild(n.GetCount() - 1);

To copy to clipboard, switch view to plain text mode 

this is copy - construction, its not the same as:

Node t;
t = n.GetChild(n.GetCount() - 1);

Node t;
t = n.GetChild(n.GetCount() - 1);

To copy to clipboard, switch view to plain text mode 

Assignment operator is not called anywhere in your code ( add cout's to see it yourself ).

[high_flyer]

Well it does take reference.

That is true, however think about it:
If it really only took a reference, and left it as a reference, all the original objects you would assign to it would need to stay alive, which is not the case.
So it takes a reference, but internally it creates a copy.

[Zlatomir]

Unless you define the vector as QVector<MyObject&> - then it indeed will take references.

I'm pretty sure you can't do that, since references in C++ have their "oddies" (like the reference is for all it's life bound to an object and it should be set at declaration)

So the remaining solution is QVector<MyObject*>

[high_flyer]

You are correct Zlatomir.
I have never tried it before actually, because it never made any practical sense.
I just assumed it is possible.
Now I tried it, and indeed, the compiler complains.
Thanks for the heads up!

[wysota]

I am not sure even why this code compiles, since you are trying to assign c to t but you didn't define an '=' operator for your Node class.

Node t = n.GetChild(n.GetCount() - 1); //I don't know why this compiles, it should not

Node t = n.GetChild(n.GetCount() - 1); //I don't know why this compiles, it should not

To copy to clipboard, switch view to plain text mode 

This is equivalent to:

Node t(n.GetChild(n.GetCount()-1));

Node t(n.GetChild(n.GetCount()-1));

To copy to clipboard, switch view to plain text mode 

The copy constructor kicks in here. Besides if you don't declare your own default constructor, copy constructor or assignment operator, the compiler will provide them for you.

Well it does take reference.

void push_back ( const T& x );

void push_back ( const T& x );

To copy to clipboard, switch view to plain text mode 

No, it takes a const reference. That's two totally different things.

[ct]

Thanks, I got it. The copy constructor was being called all the time. I got the difference now.

[ct]

One more thing on the topic though. Is it a good practice to avoid using pointers and use the stack space instead of heap ? That way there would be no memory leaks.

[SixDegrees]

No; that will quickly lead to convoluted code in all but the simplest applications. Pointers are fundamental to C/C++; there is no reason to avoid them.

If you're really worried about memory leaks, have a look at the STL auto_ptr class. Or run your code through a tool like valgrind to check for memory leaks, which is something you really ought to be doing anyway.

[high_flyer]

In addition to what has been said, the stack size is usually quite limitted, so any realy world application might soon run out of memory if all you use is the stack.

[Zlatomir]

Just a little addition to what has been said already: don't use auto_ptr it has some usage restriction (like you can't have an container of auto_ptr) and if i remember correctly it is on removal list of the new standard, so you will have to re-write code when you will upgrade to a C++0x compiler.

Instead you can use boost shared_ptr (it should be included in tr1:: namespace it will be in std:: in C++0x) or Qt has QSharedPointer

But anyway you need to understand pointers and memory management, even if Qt simplifies things (see parent-child relationship) you still need to know what is deleted by parent and what you should delete yourself.

[ct]

In addition to what has been said, the stack size is usually quite limitted, so any realy world application might soon run out of memory if all you use is the stack.

Is there a way to find out how much memory is the stack limited to. I'm just writing a prototype and yes memory is a issue. But I would only need around 200-300 mb max. I'm trying to import large text files.

[SixDegrees]

On Linux, you can say 'ulimit -a'; one of the numbers reported is stack size. On my machine, it is currently set at ~8MB, which is fairly typical.

[ct]

Which space does STL containers like vector or hash_map use ?
For example:

int main(int argc,char **argv){
    vector<string> v;
    string s = "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"; 
   //sizeof(s) = 8
    for(unsigned long i = 0;i< 18446744073709551615; i++)
           v.push_back(s);
    return 0;
}

int main(int argc,char **argv){
    vector<string> v;
    string s = "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"; 
   //sizeof(s) = 8
    for(unsigned long i = 0;i< 18446744073709551615; i++)
           v.push_back(s);
    return 0;
}

To copy to clipboard, switch view to plain text mode 

Isn't the vector being created on the stack ? Why doesn't this program crash even when the size goes way past stack limit (~8 MB) .

[high_flyer]

Isn't the vector being created on the stack ?

The vector object yes, the elements no.
Think about it: since the elements are being dynamically added, how could they be added on the stack?
That would mean that the vector has a predefined size.

[ct]

But we don't need to deallocate the memory of vector or other STL containers ? Does it mean that as soon as the object created on the stack runs out of scope, it's memory on heap is deallocated automatically ?
If it does clean up, then I should be ok. I have designed the class such that instead of dynamically allocating objects, i'm inserting it in the vector so that when it runs out of scope, memory will be freed.

[stampede]

But we don't need to deallocate the memory of vector or other STL containers ?

If you use the container like this:

std::vector<MyClass> v;
v.push_back( MyClass() );
//...

std::vector<MyClass> v;
v.push_back( MyClass() );
//...

To copy to clipboard, switch view to plain text mode 

you don't need to de-allocate anything, vector will remove all of it's elements when it runs out of scope. But if you store pointers:

std::vector<MyClass*> v;
v.push_back( new MyClass() );
//...

std::vector<MyClass*> v;
v.push_back( new MyClass() );
//...

To copy to clipboard, switch view to plain text mode 

then you need to remove the objects yourself. When vector runs out of scope it still removes all of it's elements, but this time no ~MyClass destructor is called - since it's just a pointer that is removed - and if you don't do proper cleanup yourself, you'll have a memory leak.

Does it mean that as soon as the object created on the stack runs out of scope, it's memory on heap is deallocated automatically ?

class A{
public:
    A(){
        b = new B();
    }
    ~A(){
    }
    B * b;
};
 
//...
{
    A a;
} // a (created on stack) goes out of scope here...

class A{
public:
    A(){
        b = new B();
    }
    ~A(){
    }
    B * b;
};

//...
{
    A a;
} // a (created on stack) goes out of scope here...

To copy to clipboard, switch view to plain text mode 

... but a.b (object created on heap) will not be removed automatically, you need to call "delete b" yourself.