I've now confirmed that all three MSVC compiler options available with this installation fail to build a working executable for this example:
MSVC2015 64bit
MSVC2017 32bit
MSVC2017 64bit

This indicates that the problem is not related to the bitness, but rather that the installation provided by
qt-opensource-windows-x86-5.13.0.exe is deficient where qt3d is concerned.