release and debug folders are just 'working' folders, i.e. they contain files that are created throughout the preprocess/compilation/linking stages.
It would be a good exercise to learn how make files work.
Once your executable is done building and you want to deploy your app, you typically copy it to some other place (together with all dll's it needs, such as Qt core/gui dll's). Object files are generally not deployed with an application.
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